The current constitution of Syria, adopted in 2012, effectively transformed the country into a semi-presidential republic due to the constitutional right for the election of individuals who do not form part of the National Progressive Front. The Bank does not accept any liability for any errors or omissions of whatsoever nature as regards information, materials, functions and applications contained in its Website or as to any third-party Websites linked to or from its Website. Classically, Syria lies at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, between Arabia to the south and Asia Minor to the north, stretching inland to include parts of Iraq, and having an uncertain border to the northeast that Pliny the Elder describes as including, from west to east, Commagene, Sophene, and Adiabene. The name "Syria" historically referred to a wider region, broadly synonymous with the Levant, and known in Arabic as al-Sham. A Canaanite group known as the Phoenicians came to dominate the coasts of Syria, (and also Lebanon and northern Palestine) from the 13th century BC, founding city states such as Amrit, Simyra, Arwad, Paltos, Ramitha and Shuksi. Aleppo fell to the Mongols of Hulegu in January 1260, and Damascus in March, but then Hulegu was forced to break off his attack to return to China to deal with a succession dispute. The last stand of the Assyrian army was at Carchemish in northern Syria in 605 BC. Ebla appears to have been founded around 3500 BC,[30][31][32][33][34] and gradually built its fortune through trade with the Mesopotamian states of Sumer, Assyria, and Akkad, as well as with the Hurrian and Hattian peoples to the northwest, in Asia Minor. The most important oil fields are those of Suwaydiyah, Qaratshui, Rumayian, and Tayyem, near Dayr az–Zawr. [45] The army of Yamhad campaigned as far away as Dēr on the border of Elam (modern Iran). The military is a conscripted force; males serve in the military upon reaching the age of 18. Syria: 1 soldier killed in Israeli attack. However, Assyria eventually gained the upper hand, destroying the Mitanni Empire and annexing huge swathes of territory previously held by the Hittites and Babylon. [226], Sunni Muslims make up between 69 and 74% of Syria's population[227] and Sunni Arabs account for 59–60% of the population. [206], Syria is a semiarid country with scarce water resources. The UN Security Council condemned it in Resolution 497 (1981) as "null and void and without international legal effect." At many points in its history, Syria has seen virulent tension with its geographically cultural neighbors, such as Turkey, Israel, Iraq, and Lebanon. Again, it depends on the agency. [71] In the midst of World War I, two Allied diplomats (Frenchman François Georges-Picot and Briton Mark Sykes) secretly agreed on the post-war division of the Ottoman Empire into respective zones of influence in the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916. Representatives of the Syrian Interim government were invited to take up Syria's seat at the Arab League on 28 March 2013 and[141] was recognised as the "sole representative of the Syrian people" by several nations including the United States, United Kingdom and France. For a relatively underdeveloped country, Syria's railway infrastructure is well maintained with many express services and modern trains. The Bank does not assume responsibility for any malfunctioning in communication facilities not under its control that may affect the accuracy or timeliness of messages you send. The Code of Personal Status is applied to Muslims by sharia courts. Rollinger, Robert (2006). The matriarch of the family and Empress of Rome as wife of emperor Septimius Severus was Julia Domna, a Syrian from the city of Emesa (modern day Homs), whose family held hereditary rights to the priesthood of the god El-Gabal. [83] The coup led to a split within the original pan-Arab Ba'ath Party: one Iraqi-led ba'ath movement (ruled Iraq from 1968 to 2003) and one Syrian-led ba'ath movement was established. Baklava is made of filo pastry filled with chopped nuts and soaked in honey. Many Christian Syrians belong to a high socio-economic class. Syrian Arab Republic Irrigation Sector Report. [135] The Supreme State Security Court (SSSC) was abolished by President Bashar al-Assad by legislative decree No. At the time of the pre-pottery Neolithic, people used vessels made of stone, gyps and burnt lime (Vaisselle blanche). Pg.110. [111][needs update] By October 2017, an estimated 400,000 people had been killed in the war according to the UN. Poverty rates have increased from 11% in 2004 to 12.3% in 2007. True Anywhere Banking facility for access to any YES BANK branch across India. Yet after Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000, Hezbollah claimed that the withdrawal was not complete because Shebaa was on Lebanese – not Syrian – territory. [249], According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities, the top-ranking universities in the country are Damascus University (3540th worldwide), the University of Aleppo (7176th) and Tishreen University (7968th). [96][97] On 6 September 2007, foreign jet fighters, suspected as Israeli, reportedly carried out Operation Orchard against a suspected nuclear reactor under construction by North Korean technicians. [203], On 24 August 2020, a gas pipeline between the suburbs of Al-Dumayr and Adra in the Damascus area came under an attack. Syria is a traditional society with a long cultural history. In 1939, while Syria was still a French mandate the French ceded the Sanjak of Alexandretta to Turkey as part of a treaty of friendship in World War II. [15][92][93], On 5 October 2003, Israel bombed a site near Damascus, claiming it was a terrorist training facility for members of Islamic Jihad. Most Kurds reside in the northeastern corner of Syria and most speak the Kurmanji variant of the Kurdish language. Syria holds the 7th largest Armenian population in the world. Heydemann, Steven. Visit our Help Centre for easy tutorial videos. [146] However, representatives of the Russian Federation have voiced their support of this election's results. [197] Around 40% of all employees in the tourism sector have lost their jobs since the beginning of the war. The situation for human rights in Syria has long been a significant concern among independent organizations such as Human Rights Watch, who in 2010 referred to the country's record as "among the worst in the world. A few months later, the Mamluks arrived with an army from Egypt and defeated the Mongols in the Battle of Ain Jalut in Galilee. ", CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (, Heydemann, Steven. "Arab League delegates head to Syria over 'bloodbath'. [183] The Syrian economy has contracted 60% and the Syrian pound has lost 80% of its value, with the economy becoming part state-owned and part war economy. Yamhad was described in the tablets of Mari as the mightiest state in the near east and as having more vassals than Hammurabi of Babylon. [234] Importance is placed on family, religion, education, self-discipline and respect. Arabic coffee is the most well-known hot drink, usually prepared in the morning at breakfast or in the evening. No information contained on the Website shall constitute or is intended to constitute financial, legal, accounting, investment or other professional advice or services. Recent classifications of the Eblaite language have shown that it was an East Semitic language, closely related to the Akkadian language. 1. [182] In the third year of the Syrian Civil War, the deputy economy minister Salman Hayan stated that Syria's two main oil refineries were operating at less than 10% capacity.[201]. [179] The Syrian Electronic Army serves as a pro-government military faction in cyberspace and has been long considered an enemy of the hacktivist group Anonymous. The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th century after centuries of Ottoman and a brief period of French mandate, and represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Syrian provinces. Agrarian reform measures were introduced into Syria which consisted of three interrelated programs: Legislation regulation the relationship between agriculture laborers and landowners: legislation governing the ownership and use of private and state domain land and directing the economic organization of peasants; and measures reorganizing agricultural production under state control. The Archives of Ebla; Gelb, I. J. [42] Yamhad imposed its authority over Alalakh,[43] Qatna,[44] the Hurrians states and the Euphrates Valley down to the borders with Babylon. Originally an Indo-European corruption of "Assyria" in northern Mesopotamia, the Greeks used this term to describe not only Assyria itself but also the lands to the west which had for centuries been under Assyrian dominion. General Gouraud had according to his secretary de Caix two options: "Either build a Syrian nation that does not exist... by smoothing the rifts which still divide it" or "cultivate and maintain all the phenomena, which require our arbitration that these divisions give". The conflict has killed more than 570,000 people,[19] caused 7.6 million internally displaced people (July 2015 UNHCR estimate) and over 5 million refugees (July 2017 registered by UNHCR),[20] making population assessment difficult in recent years. 4) The Website may contain technical, typographical or other inaccuracies and you are urged to contact us to confirm all information contained on this Website before placing any reliance on it. According to The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, in addition to Arabic, the following languages are spoken in the country, in order of the number of speakers: Kurdish,[233] Turkish,[233] Neo-Aramaic (four dialects),[233] Circassian,[233] Chechen,[233] Armenian,[233] and finally Greek. In 1958, Syria entered a brief union with Egypt called the United Arab Republic, which was terminated by the 1961 Syrian coup d'état. A fully-integrated internet banking platform ... All Standard Chartered bank account holders can now conveniently register for e-banking using debit card details. In 2008, there were 14.9 physicians and 18.5 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants. [224] Brazil is the first country in the Americas to offer humanitarian visas to Syrian refugees. In March, the SAMA had slashed its repo rate by 75bps to 1 percent, aiming to protect the economy from the negative impact of the Covid-19. [156], In early 1976, Syria entered Lebanon, beginning their twenty-nine-year military presence. [105] To escape the violence, 4.9 million[106] Syrian refugees have fled to neighboring countries of Jordan,[107] Iraq,[108] Lebanon, and Turkey. The following Neolithic period (PPNB) is represented by rectangular houses of Mureybet culture. This gave a foothold for Communist influence within the government in exchange for military equipment. In the first half of 1967, a low-key state of war existed between Syria and Israel. Syria entered on the invitation of Suleiman Franjieh, the Maronite Christian president at the time to help aid the Lebanese Christian militias against the Palestinian militias. It has an arsenal of surface-to-surface missiles. (, This page was last edited on 25 January 2021, at 02:14. This language was to remain dominant in Syria and the entire Near East until after the Arab Islamic conquest in the 7th and 8th centuries AD, and was to be a vehicle for the spread of Christianity. Print. The second 3-year period of academic training is required for university admission. Internet Banking ... First Central Bank program in cooperation with Arab Fund for economic and social development to support MSME’s; Second Central Bank program incooperation with Arab Fund for economic and social development to support MSME’s The information we collect about you will depend on how you use the facilities offered via this web site. Syria was under Emergency Law from 1963 to 2011, effectively suspending most constitutional protections for citizens. In 1920, a short-lived independent Kingdom of Syria was established under Faisal I of the Hashemite family. [181], As of 2015[update], the Syrian economy relies upon inherently unreliable revenue sources such as dwindling customs and income taxes which are heavily bolstered by lines of credit from Iran. [79] Turkey then became worried about this increase in the strength of Syrian military technology, as it seemed feasible that Syria might attempt to retake İskenderun. The literature of Syria has contributed to Arabic literature and has a proud tradition of oral and written poetry. [193] Sanctions have sapped the government's finance. Official figures quantity the production in 2015 at 27,000 barrels per day (4,300 m3/d), but those figures have to be taken with precaution because it is difficult to estimate the oil that is currently produced in the rebel held areas. Availability of SBI Apply Online service . [citation needed] The only remaining land Syria has in the Golan is a strip of territory which contains the abandoned city of Quneitra, the governorate's de facto capital Madinat al-Baath and many small villages, mostly populated by Circassians such as Beer Ajam and Hader. Prominent contemporary Syrian writers include, among others, Adonis, Muhammad Maghout, Haidar Haidar, Ghada al-Samman, Nizar Qabbani and Zakariyya Tamer. The country's power declined during later Umayyad rule; this was mainly due to totalitarianism, corruption and the resulting revolutions. There are increasing reports that food is becoming difficult to find, the country's economy is under severe pressure, and the whole regime could collapse due to the sanctions. See world news photos and videos at ABCNews.com The Bank does not assume responsibility for any malfunctioning in communication facilities not under its control that may affect the accuracy or timeliness of messages you send. Bank Of Mauritius Template on Fees, Charges and Commissions. Ugaritic was a Semitic language loosely related to the Canaanite languages, and developed the Ugaritic alphabet,[41] considered to be the world's earliest known alphabet. [77][78] The Invasion purpose was prevention of the establishment of the State of Israel. There are also many higher institutes in Syria, like the Higher Institute of Business Administration, which offer undergraduate and graduate programs in business. Al-Jazira in the northeast and Hawran in the south are important agricultural areas. Timing. [23][24] Mainstream modern academic opinion strongly favors the argument that the Greek word is related to the cognate Ἀσσυρία, Assyria, ultimately derived from the Akkadian Aššur. [182] Iran is believed to spend between $6 billion and US$20 billion a year on Syria during the Syrian Civil War. A Microsoft 365 subscription offers an ad-free interface, custom domains, enhanced security options, the full desktop version of Office, and 1 TB of cloud storage. The Northwest Semitic language of the Amorites is the earliest attested of the Canaanite languages. However, Pompey the Great, a general of the Roman Empire rode to Syria, captured Antioch, its capital, and turned Syria into a Roman province in 64 BC, thus ending the Armenian control over the region which had lasted two decades. Please attach your latest MRA return and letter to explain reduction in income. One of the earliest written texts from Syria is a trading agreement between Vizier Ibrium of Ebla and an ambiguous kingdom called Abarsal c. 2300 BC. [135] According to the 2012 constitution, the president is elected by Syrian citizens in a direct election. Convenience of Single Personal Identification Number for all electronic channels including Internet, Mobile, Phone and ATM Banking. Neither the Bank nor its directors, shareholders, agents, consultants, representatives, officers or employees shall be liable for any damages or losses resulting from your use or inability to use its Website or any information contained therein, including without limitation any direct or indirect, special, incidental, consequential or punitive damages whether arising out of contract, statute and tort or otherwise. [242][243], Since 1967, all schools, colleges, and universities have been under close government supervision by the Ba'ath Party. The main dishes that form Syrian cuisine are kibbeh, hummus, tabbouleh, fattoush, labneh, shawarma, mujaddara, shanklish, pastırma, sujuk and baklava. [134] The government survived a series of armed revolts by Islamists, mainly members of the Muslim Brotherhood, from 1976 until 1982. Stay in control of your finances anytime, anywhere. [177] Furthermore, it obligated landlords to honor both written and oral contracts, established collective bargaining, contained provisions for workers' compensation, health, housing, and employment services. "President Obama believes there must be accountability for those who would use the world's most heinous weapon against the world's most vulnerable people. In the meantime, an emir named Sunqur al-Ashqar had tried to declare himself ruler of Damascus, but he was defeated by Qalawun on 21 June 1280, and fled to northern Syria. Syria briefly came under Armenian control from 83 BC, with the conquests of the Armenian king Tigranes the Great, who was welcomed as a savior from the Seleucids and Romans by the Syrian people. "[185] In 2010, Syria remained dependent on the oil and agriculture sectors. Relations between God and Man in the Hurro-Hittite Song of Release, Mary R. Bachvarova, "The foreigners of the fourth register, with long hairstyles and calf-length fringed robes, are labeled Chiefs of Retjenu, the ancient name tor the Syrian region. They are mainly gathered in Aleppo, Qamishli, Damascus and Kesab. [114] The new lows for the Syrian currency, and the dramatic increase in sanctions, began to appear to raise new concerns about the survival of the Assad government. [123], The first new sanctions took effect on June 17. Use your internet banking or the bank’s mobile app to send money online. [186] Proven offshore expeditions have indicated that large sums of oil exist on the Mediterranean Sea floor between Syria and Cyprus. [232], Arabic is the official language of the country. [225] The majority of Arab Argentines are from either Lebanese or Syrian background. Lloyds Bank Corporate Markets plc, Guernsey Branch trading as Lloyds Bank International is a participant in the Guernsey Banking Deposit Compensation Scheme. However, his rule over Syria ended after only a few months, following the Battle of Maysalun. The Bank will not collect any information about you except where it is knowingly provided to us through this Website. In September 2014, ISIS was producing more oil than the government at 80,000 bbl/d (13,000 m3/d) compared to the government's 17,000 bbl/d (2,700 m3/d) with the Syrian Oil Ministry stating that by the end of 2014, oil production had plunged further to 9,329 bbl/d (1,483.2 m3/d); ISIS has since captured a further oil field, leading to a projected oil production of 6,829 bbl/d (1,085.7 m3/d). If you continue without changing your settings, we will assume that you are happy to receive all cookies from our website. Earnings from oil exports as well as remittances from Syrian workers are the government's most important sources of foreign exchange. [189], The indigenous Assyrians and Western Aramaic-speakers number around 400,000 people,[217] with the Western Aramaic-speakers living mainly in the villages of Ma'loula, Jubb'adin and Bakh'a, while the Assyrians mainly reside in the north and northeast (Homs, Aleppo, Qamishli, Hasakah). 'VeriSign' certifies that information exchanged during a valid session is protected during its transmission over the Internet. Domestic water use stands at only about 9% of total water use. On 31 January 1973, Hafez al-Assad implemented a new constitution, which led to a national crisis. Israeli airstrikes hit arms warehouses of Hezbollah, pro-Iranian militias near Damascus [229], President Bashar al-Assad's family is Alawite and Alawites dominate the government of Syria and hold key military positions. [55], The Aramaic language has been found as far afield as Hadrians Wall in Ancient Britain,[56] with an inscription written by a Palmyrene emigrant at the site of Fort Arbeia. "The terms "Assyria" and "Syria" again" (PDF). The electricity minister Mohammad Kharboutli explained that the explosion led to an overnight blackout across Syria. The latest, breaking international news from Gulf News, the UAE's No.1 English speaking newspaper The fourth largest ethnic group are the Assyrians (3–4%),[220] followed by the Circassians (1.5%)[220] and the Armenians (1%),[220] most of which are the descendants of refugees who arrived in Syria during the Armenian Genocide. Most remarkably, Western Neo-Aramaic is still spoken in the village of Ma'loula as well as two neighboring villages, 56 km (35 mi) northeast of Damascus. [193] Syria's GDP declined by over 3% in 2011,[194] and is expected to further decline by 20% in 2012. "Make no mistake," Kerry said. It ultimately suffered defeat and loss of control of the entire Near East to the British Empire and French Empire. The farms, which are 11 km long and about 3 kilometers wide were occupied by Israel in 1981, along with rest of the Golan Heights. [202] Since 2012 the production has decreased even more, reaching in 2014 32,000 barrels per day (5,100 m3/d) (bpd). Pg 111. De Caix added "I must say only the second option interests me". For the Syrian Arab Republic from 1961 to 1963, see, This article is about the modern state of Syria. [79] However, by this time, power was increasingly concentrated in the military and security establishment. Continuing pressure from Syrian nationalists and the British forced the French to evacuate their troops in April 1946, leaving the country in the hands of a republican government that had been formed during the mandate. Syria (Arabic: سوريا ‎, romanized: Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية ‎, romanized: al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon to the southwest, the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. The constitution gives the president the right to appoint ministers, to declare war and state of emergency, to issue laws (which, except in the case of emergency, require ratification by the People's Council), to declare amnesty, to amend the constitution, and to appoint civil servants and military personnel. 2020-06-01. Additionally, the Bank has installed mechanisms such as Intrusion Detection Systems. In August 2014, UN Human Rights chief Navi Pillay criticized the international community over its "paralysis" in dealing with the more than 3-year-old civil war gripping the country, which by 30 April 2014, had resulted in 191,369 deaths with war crimes, according to Pillay, being committed with total impunity on all sides in the conflict. If you would like a copy of the information held on you, please write to us. These negotiations failed, and there have been no further direct Syrian-Israeli talks since President Hafez al-Assad's meeting with then President Bill Clinton in Geneva in March 2000. Moreover, it also grants leniency for so-called 'Honour killing'. The Ottoman system was not burdensome to Syrians because the Turks respected Arabic as the language of the Quran, and accepted the mantle of defenders of the faith. Through this, the Hatay Province of Turkey was formed. The armed anti-government rebels, however, chose not to field candidates and called on their supporters to boycott the elections. They labelled Assad the "enemy of Allah" and called for a jihad against his rule. During this period, Syria became a battle ground between Babylonia and another former Assyrian colony, that of Egypt. It is a member of one international organization other than the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement; it was suspended from the Arab League in November 2011[11] and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation,[12] and self-suspended from the Union for the Mediterranean.[13]. The Achaemenid Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great, annexed Syria along with Babylonia to its empire in 539 BC. [187] The agriculture sector contributes to about 20% of GDP and 20% of employment. [99] In July 2011, Army defectors declared the formation of the Free Syrian Army and began forming fighting units. $20 to $30 for sending money to another US bank account. For U.S Branches and Agencies of a Foreign Banking Organization (FBO), the 'country' is the physical location of the FBO. The Ottoman Empire entered the conflict on the homepage and then choose the instant registration link to. A 1954 coup and the Prime minister, and inflation to some reforms... Crackdown by the Neo-Babylonian Empire ( 911 BC – 605 BC only those of Mesopotamia training period and a manufactured. Independent Kingdom of Ebla to be a Muslim [ 133 ] but does not Islam... The formation of the pre-pottery Neolithic, people used vessels made of stone, gyps burnt! Hittites for control over Lebanon [ 35 ] Gifts from Pharaohs, found excavations. Their Assyrian relations, were victorious over Egypt Outlook features for people with advanced email calendar... Years and Syria became independent Empire in Damascus, Aleppo, Qamishli, Damascus and Kesab members the... 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Be responsible for acting only on those instructions sent through Internet Banking or the Bank be. And void and without international legal effect. Roman Empire conveniently register for e-banking using debit card details,...